什么是热态吊零、冷态吊零、弹簧附加力、荷重分配
<span style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="MARGIN: 15.6pt 0cm; TEXT-INDENT: 28.1pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-para-margin-top: 1.0gd; mso-para-margin-right: 0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom: 1.0gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0cm;"><span><strong>吊零与支吊架荷重分配<p></p></strong></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="MARGIN: 15.6pt 0cm; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-para-margin-top: 1.0gd; mso-para-margin-right: 0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom: 1.0gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0cm;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">所谓</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">吊零，是指按每个支吊点处管道自重产生的垂直位移为零的条件来分配支吊架荷重。按吊零分配荷重的优点是管系的自重应力分布比较均匀，且这样的计算机程序开发比较方便。但是</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%;"><font face="Times New Roman">,</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">按吊零分配荷重也有一定的缺点</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%;"><font face="Times New Roman">:<p></p></font></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="MARGIN: 15.6pt 0cm; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-para-margin-top: 1.0gd; mso-para-margin-right: 0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom: 1.0gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0cm;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%;"><font face="Times New Roman">1)</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">当<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">管系上支吊点的间距很不均匀时</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><font face="Times New Roman">,</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">各支吊点荷载会有较大幅度的不均</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><font face="Times New Roman">,</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">甚至在某些支吊点上支吊力出现负值</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><font face="Times New Roman">(</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">即脱空</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><font face="Times New Roman">,</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">又称失重</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><font face="Times New Roman">)</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">。而支吊点的间距不均</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%;"><font face="Times New Roman">,</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">是不可避免的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%;"><font face="Times New Roman">,</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">有时则是需要的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%;"><font face="Times New Roman">,</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">例如在阀门等集中荷载的两侧</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%;"><font face="Times New Roman">,</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">或在设备、三通的附近等等。又如管道与设备的连接处</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%;"><font face="Times New Roman">,</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">为了减少设备承受管道重量的荷载</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%;"><font face="Times New Roman">,</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">往往在紧靠设备处设置支吊架。一般来说</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%;"><font face="Times New Roman">,</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">设备的刚性是较大的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%;"><font face="Times New Roman">,</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">在作管系计算时</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%;"><font face="Times New Roman">,</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">总是将设备作为一个刚性端点来处理。此时</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%;"><font face="Times New Roman">,</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">若按吊零分配荷重</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%;"><font face="Times New Roman">,</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">则在设备上将受到一个数值很大的力</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%;"><font face="Times New Roman">F,</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">因为</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%;"><font face="Times New Roman">AB</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">跨自重产生的弯矩</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%;"><font face="Times New Roman">M,</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">需要弯矩</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%;"><font face="Times New Roman">F</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">×</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%;"><font face="Times New Roman">OA</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">为来平衡</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%;"><font face="Times New Roman">,</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">距离</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%;"><font face="Times New Roman">OA</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">很小时</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%;"><font face="Times New Roman">,</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">力</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%;"><font face="Times New Roman">F</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">很大</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%;"><font face="Times New Roman">,</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">这样</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%;"><font face="Times New Roman">,</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">就不能达到减少设备荷重的目的。如果支点</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%;"><font face="Times New Roman">A</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">不吊零而略微下沉，则弯距</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%;"><font face="Times New Roman">M</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">将大大减少</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%;"><font face="Times New Roman">,</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">力</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%;"><font face="Times New Roman">F</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">也应很快地减小了。这不但说明<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">吊零的分配原则在这种情况下是不合适</span>的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%;"><font face="Times New Roman">,</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">而且说明在这种情况下<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">支点</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><font face="Times New Roman">A</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">不能采用刚性支吊架</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><font face="Times New Roman">,</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">而必须采用弹簧支吊架</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="MARGIN: 15.6pt 0cm; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-para-margin-top: 1.0gd; mso-para-margin-right: 0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom: 1.0gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0cm;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%;"><font face="Times New Roman">2)</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">它不能满足某些特殊要求的支吊力需要。例如为了减少出口管道对水泵的荷重</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%;"><font face="Times New Roman">,</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">希望垂直管的重量尽量由弹簧吊架来承担</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%;"><font face="Times New Roman">,</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">这时就不能用吊零分配荷重了。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="MARGIN: 15.6pt 0cm; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-para-margin-top: 1.0gd; mso-para-margin-right: 0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom: 1.0gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0cm;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">由于管道在整个使用过程处于热和冷两种状态的交替之中</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%;"><font face="Times New Roman">,</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">因此上述的荷重分配可以在冷状态实现</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%;"><font face="Times New Roman">,</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">也可以在热状态实现。在冷状态实现吊零荷重分配称为<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">冷态吊零</span>；在热状态实现吊零荷重分配称为<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">热态吊零</span>。当管道由一个状态</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%;"><font face="Times New Roman">(</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">冷或热状态</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%;"><font face="Times New Roman">)</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">变到另一个状态</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%;"><font face="Times New Roman">(</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">热或冷状态</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%;"><font face="Times New Roman">)</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">时</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%;"><font face="Times New Roman">,</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">由于支吊点位移</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%;"><font face="Times New Roman">(</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">由冷到热或由热到冷</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%;"><font face="Times New Roman">),</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">将使弹簧支吊架的支吊力发生变化</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%;"><font face="Times New Roman">,</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">支吊力的改变量为</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%;"><font face="Times New Roman">P‘</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Δ</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%;"><font face="Times New Roman">(</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Δ为支吊架的位移</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%;"><font face="Times New Roman">,P’</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">为弹簧的刚度</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%;"><font face="Times New Roman">)</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">，称为<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">弹簧附加力</span>。显然</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%;"><font face="Times New Roman">,</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">如果支吊架按热态吊零分配荷重</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%;"><font face="Times New Roman">,</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">即管道在工作状态下各支点正好承受分配给它的荷重</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%;"><font face="Times New Roman">,</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">管系上将不出现弹簧附加力；而如果分配的荷重在冷状态下实现，则管系在工作状态下将承受弹簧附加力，从而增加管系在工作状态下的应力，这对于处于高温高压下工作的管道将是不利的。因此，在一般情况下，应使分配的荷重在热状态下实现</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%;"><font face="Times New Roman">(</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">热态吊零</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%;"><font face="Times New Roman">)</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="MARGIN: 15.6pt 0cm; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-para-margin-top: 1.0gd; mso-para-margin-right: 0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom: 1.0gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0cm;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">当吊零荷重分配在热状态下实现时</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%;"><font face="Times New Roman">,</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">则分配的荷重即为各支吊架的工作荷重</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%;"><font face="Times New Roman">,</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">而冷状态下的荷重则由该支吊点的“工作荷重</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%;"><font face="Times New Roman">+</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">弹簧附加力”来确定。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="MARGIN: 15.6pt 0cm; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-para-margin-top: 1.0gd; mso-para-margin-right: 0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom: 1.0gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0cm;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">当采用冷态吊零分配荷重时</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%;"><font face="Times New Roman">,</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">则冷态下的荷重为各支吊架的工作荷重</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%;"><font face="Times New Roman">(</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">也称基本荷重</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%;"><font face="Times New Roman">),</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">而热态下的荷重则由该支吊点的“工作荷重</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%;"><font face="Times New Roman">+</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">弹簧附加力”来确定。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%;"><font face="Times New Roman">.<p></p></font></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="MARGIN: 15.6pt 0cm; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-para-margin-top: 1.0gd; mso-para-margin-right: 0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom: 1.0gd; mso-para-margin-left: 0cm;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">由弹簧附加力引起的管系应力一般在管道整个应力中所占的份额相当小</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%;"><font face="Times New Roman">,</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">而且它与管道其它应力叠加时</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%;"><font face="Times New Roman">,</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">可能使总的应力增大</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%;"><font face="Times New Roman">,</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">也可能使总的应力减小。文献</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;"></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">对管道静力计算程序采用热态吊零与冷态吊零两种分配荷重方法进行对比计算</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%;"><font face="Times New Roman">,</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">通过两个典型例题计算结果</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%;"><font face="Times New Roman">,</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">冷态吊零最大应力点的二次应力与热态吊零相比</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%;"><font face="Times New Roman">,</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">有三点增大</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%;"><font face="Times New Roman">,</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">最多增大</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%;"><font face="Times New Roman">4.903 MPa,</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">变化率为</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%;"><font face="Times New Roman">9.45%,</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">占二次应力的许用应力范围的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%;"><font face="Times New Roman">2.62%</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">；有两点减小</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%;"><font face="Times New Roman">,</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">最多减小</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%;"><font face="Times New Roman">8.24MPa,</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">变化率为</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%;"><font face="Times New Roman">4.28%,</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">占二次应力的许用应力范围的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%;"><font face="Times New Roman">4.04%</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">。因此</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%;"><font face="Times New Roman">,</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">很难说弹簧附加力对管道是不利的或是有利的</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%;"><font face="Times New Roman">,</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">要视管系的具体情况而定。前述给定荷载的分配荷重方法</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%;"><font face="Times New Roman">,</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">实际上也是在某些支吊点上增大支吊架附加力</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%;"><font face="Times New Roman">,</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">以求管系各支吊点荷重分配更为均匀合理</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%;"><font face="Times New Roman">,</font></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman";">或减小管道对某些设备的推力或力矩。而冷态吊零便于安装调整，容易控制管道在初期冷态下对设备的推力和力矩的优点是显而易见的。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US"><p><font face="Times New Roman" size="3"> </font></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"></p></span>[此贴子已经被作者于2007-9-18 16:07:19编辑过] 另外，可参见<a href="http://www.uesoft.com/forum.php?mod=viewthread&tid=2983&extra=page%3D1">http://www.uesoft.com/forum.php?mod=viewthread&tid=2983&extra=page%3D1</a>
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